oleh : Nur Khaerat Nur, Andi Ibrahim Yunus, Andi Muhammad Dayri Satriawan
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fajar University, Makassar.
*corresponding author : enkha93@gmail.com
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
, , Citation N K Nur et al 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 921 012018
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/921/1/012018/meta
Abstract; This study conducted an analysis study of flood disaster mitigation for transportation routes in the Panakukkang district of Makassar City. By using ArcGis software, the results of the simulation of safe and vulnerable zone levels based on color indicators are known. There are 5 villages in Panakukkang District which are flood safe zones, with the number of evacuation sites, namely 21 buildings. Then there are 4 villages which are flood alert zones with 2 evacuation sites, 2 buildings. On the first evacuation route there are 8 reference points namely Reference Point C with the distance to the nearest evacuation site 3.22 km and a travel time of 64.3 minutes. Then the reference point A with a distance to the nearest evacuation site is 2.85 km and a travel time of 57 minutes. While the reference point F is the closest point to the nearest evacuation distance 0.71 km and the travel time is 14.2 minutes. All these reference points require travel speeds of 3 km / h on foot. On the second evacuation route there are 6 Reference Points namely reference point A with distance to the nearest evacuation point 1.94 km and travel time 38.8 minutes, reference point E with distance to nearest evacuation location 1.23 km and travel time 24.6 minutes. Then at the reference point C is the closest point to the nearest evacuation distance 0.72 km and the travel time is 14.4 minutes.
One of the natural phenomena that occurs in some parts of Indonesia in the form of floods, causing huge losses that can threaten human life. Based on the value of losses and the frequency of flood disasters is strongly influenced by natural factors such as the amount of rainfall above normal conditions and high tides. In addition, the factor of human behavior is one of the causes of floods [1]. Flooding is an event that occurs when an excessive flow of water submerges land. Directing flooding The European Union defines flooding as temporary immersion by water on land which is usually not submerged in water. In the meaning of "running water", this word can also mean the entry of tides. Flooding is caused by the volume of water in a body of water such as a river or lake that overflows or overflows from a dam so that water comes out of the river. Floods are often known in two forms, in the form of inundation in zones that are usually dry or not swampy, and flooding as a result of runoff from river channels caused by discharge in the river exceeds its drainage capacity [2]. Puddles have different characteristics depending on the area of the puddle, the depth of the puddle, the length of the puddle and the frequency of the occurrence of puddles if not immediately addressed will cause greater harm to the community [3]. Flood Mitigation in Nusukan sub-district, Banjarsari Sub-district, Surakarta City, Drainage such as sewers and culverts that are still not wide enough and siltation occurs, so that if there is heavy rainfall, the water volume will increase and can affect the swift flow of water in these waterways and water can overflow to the surface [4].
Flooding is a common problem found in several large cities, such as Makassar city which
is the center of the capital of the province of South Sulawesi. The tragedy of the flood disaster on January
21, 2019 which had hit most of the South Sulawesi Province, especially in Makassar City and Gowa
Regency, still left a deep sorrow and also a huge loss for the flood victims. Panakukkang District is one
of 14 sub-districts in Makassar. Panakukkang District can be said to be the focal point of Makassar city
because there are many Government agency offices, corporate offices, hotels, entertainment venues,
shopping venues, and there are 2 (two) malls located in this district. But behind the grandeur that all is
not supported by adequate infrastructure, from the lack of green land, and the poor drainage / drainage
system in this zone. As it is known that besides functioning as a supporting factor for life, green land also functions as a water catchment zone. Likewise, the sewer / drainage does not function properly so it
cannot drain water smoothly in the event of prolonged rain. Case in point: as can be felt if there is
prolonged rain, Andi Pangeran Pettarani street road becomes one of the zones that become a puddle
point, where the height of the puddle sometimes reaches the knees of adults. Likewise with Street
Sukaria, and Andi Pangeran Pettarani Street I also have the same case. Different from what happened in
the Pampang village, if it is rained with rain it has a high intensity it is certain that the zone will be
immediately flooded and the inundation height reaches approximately 100 cm of data according to [5]. Such is the picture that occurs at several points in Panakukkang Sub district, which is one area that has a
large population, so it is important for the community to be more important to understand mitigation /
mitigation efforts againstflooding, by knowing which zones are the points prone to puddles and which
zones are safe points if later Panakukkang sub-district is affected by the tidal / flood waves that
inundate the zone. Mitigation is an action taken to reduce the impact caused by a disaster. Mitigation
measures consist of structural mitigation and non-structural mitigation. Structural mitigation is an
action to reduce or avoid the possibility of physical disaster impacts. While non-structural mitigation is
an action to reduce disaster risk through policies, knowledge development, regulations and security of
dangerous objects. Mitigation is the most efficient measure to reduce the impact caused by a disaster
[6].
Based on the Makassar City Regional Disaster Management Agency (Zone Disaster
Management Agency) data that there are 3 (three) villages that are flood-prone points in Panakukkang
sub-districts, namely: Panaikang, Paropo, and Tello Baru. However, the data from the the Makassar City
Regional Disaster Management Agency is data from 2014, therefore re-calibration of data is needed to
validate the data from the above the Makassar City Regional Disaster Management Agency [5].
Departing from the above, it is deemed necessary to conduct a flood disaster mitigation
analysis study for transportation routes in the Panakukkang district of Makassar city, as a reference to
obtain the latest data on flood disaster prone zones in the city of Makassar especially in the Panakukkang
district
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Disaster Mitigation
Disaster mitigation is a series of efforts to reduce disaster risk, both through physical
development and awareness and enhancement of the ability to face the threat of disaster [7] concerning
the Implementation of Disaster Management. Mitigation is defined as an effort aimed at reducing the
impact of a disaster. Mitigation is a series of efforts to reduce disaster risk, both through physical
development and awareness and enhancing the ability to face the threat of disaster [8], Chapter I
General Provisions [9].
2.2. Geographic Information System (GIS)
According to [10] GIS is an information system that has spatial data taken based on the geographical
location of an area for the process of analysis, storage and visualization. GIS or GIS is a special
information system that manages data that has spatial information (spatial reference), or in a more
narrow sense, is a computer system that has the ability to build, store, manage and display
geographical reference information, for example data identified by location , in a database. Utilization
of Geographic Information Systems and Simple Additive Weighting Methods in Determining the
Locations of Flood Evacuation in Surakarta City. There are 6 best locations. The six locations have the
same criteria and sub criteria, namely to determine the evacuation location in order to become a
temporary shelter when floods hit the city of Surakarta [11].
2.3. Determine the Safe Zone and Flood Prone Zone
To identify critical zones of urban flood puddles using GIS-based software by combining some data
that is automatically processed by the system with its own aggregate count.
1. Determine Coordinate Points
2. Flow Direction
Serves as data to determine the direction of water flow along the research object.
3. Flow Accumulation
Get the value of water accumulation in each runoff.
4. Watershed / River Flow Zone
To find out which water runoff will be upstream and downstream.
5. Basin
Create drainage basins that connect all water flow and other substances carried by water to
public channels as concentrated drainage / ponds.6. Reclassify
After all processes are completed, it is known which zones are at risk of being flooded.
2.4. Evacuation Area and Shelter Point (Refugee Camp)
The refugee camp is an area that is close to the centers of the residential neighborhoods which, in the
event of a disaster, becomes a meeting point for residents who want to be evacuated to safer places.
The criteria used as places of refuge in this study are:
1. The place / building used as the evacuation location of the ground level must be at a safe point,
according to [5], the safe distance from the ground level is the middle of the highest elevation
point in the zone.
2. The location must have direct access to the primary road (district road) or secondary road (local
road) with a distance or range of approximately 30 meters.
3. The building must have a large area that can accommodate large numbers of people, or at least
225 square meters.
Data Architect, said that the standard size of space needed for each person at the evacuation site is 2.25
m2 in standing (1.5 max 1.5 m) and 1.08 m2 in a state of lying (1.8 max 0.6 m). In this case, the highest
size of space is taken, is standing 2.25 m2 [12-13].
2.5. Designing Evacuation Routes
2.5.1. PTV Vissim
PTV Vissim is a transportation modeling program to analyze the existing traffic
conditions, such as: the creation of new road infrastructure, the changeover or diversion to the use of
public transportation, the development of new land use zones, the development of policies regarding
signs, markers, and other road completeness facilities, demographic developments and changes,
developments and changes in the use and expenditure of funds for fuel, and others.
In the guideline for using Vissim, Vissim is a PTV software from Germany. Vissim itself is an
acronym for Verkehr In Städten Simulations Modell which means a simulation model of city traffic [14].
Simply put, making a model using VISSIM PTV is divided into 5 stages, namely:
1. Identify the Scope of the Area to Be Modeled
2. Data Collection
As for the data needed, namely: the size of the road segment, vehicle volume, road segment
conditions, and others.
3. Network Coding
Stages of making a model based on data that has been obtained.
4. Error Checking
Review if something goes wrong, as is usual with vehicle routes or vehicle inputs.
5. Model Validation / Simulation
2.5.2. Evacuation route
Evacuation Route is a path that is specifically intended to connect all areas to a safe area as a
Gathering Point. In an emergency, the Evacuation Route becomes very important and absolutely must
be placed as a direction. [15] in [16] Evacuation route is a path that is used as a direct and fast transfer
of people who will move away from threats or events that can be dangerous. There are two types of
evacuations that can be distinguished, namely small-scale evacuation and large-scale evacuation.
Examples of small-scale evacuation that is a rescue carried out from a building caused by a bomb or
fire threat. Examples of large-scale evacuation that is saving from an area due to flooding, eruption
volcano or storm. Geraldo, et al, [17], Flood Tragedy in Manado City. Evacuation routes and
evacuation sites in flood-prone areas in Manado City are spread in 10 sub- districts, namely: Bunaken
District with 6 lanes and 4 evacuation sites, Tuminting District with 31 routes and 17 evacuation sites,
Singkil District with 18 routes and 10 evacuation sites, Wenang District 16 routes and 8 evacuation
sites, Paal Dua District 27 routes and 18 evacuation sites, Mapanget District 6 routes and 3 evacuation
sites, Tikala District 20 routes and 13 evacuation sites, Sario District 15 routes and 7 evacuation sites,
Wanea District as many as 25 routes and 22 evacuation sites, and Malalayang District as many as 8
routes and 3 evacuation sites.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mapping Flood Areas
Based on the results of data analysis of flood area mapping in Panakukkang Subdistrict, the
results of 5 district which are very safe flood zones are: some Panaikang District, Tello Baru District,
Paropo district, Pandang District, and Masale District; 6 district which are flood safe zones, namely: aportion of Panaikang Village, Tello Baru Village, Paropo Village, Karampuang Village, Pandang
Village, and Masale Village; 6 district which are flood-prone zones, namely: a portion of Tello Baru
Village, Paropo Village, Karampuang Village, Tamamaung Village, Masale Village, and Karuwisi
Village; 4 district which are very flood-prone zones, namely: a portion of Pampang Village, Panaikang
Village, Tamamaung Village, and North Karuwisi Village; and 4 district which are flood alert zones,
namely: Sinri Jala District, parts of Pampang District, Tamamaung District, and North Karuwisi District.
In table 1 shows data on land elevation, the value of water accumulation, the basin zone where the
data is a parameter to determine the condition of the safe, vulnerable, and alert zones. The condition of
land with high or low elevation in the form of hills or valleys is one of the factors where the zone is
said to be safe or prone to flooding due to lack of availability of runoff / river flow zones and water
catchment zones so that it becomes a pool of water that causes flooding in the area.
In table 2 shows the categories of floods, ranging from very safe flooding, safe flooding, flood
prone, very prone to flooding and flood alert with a total area of affected zones based on wards, that is,
for very safe categories covering 257,802ha covering the villages of Panaikang and Tello Baru, Pandang
and Paropo , Pampang, Panaikang, Tello Baru, Paropo, Masale. For the Safe Category covering an area
of 321,488ha, covering Panaikang, Karampuang, Paropo, Tello Baru, Pandang and Masale villages. For
the Prone category covering an area of 274,821ha covering the villages of Karuwisi, Tamamaung,
Karampuang, Masale, Paropo, Tello Baru and North Karuwisi. For the Very Prone category covering an
area of 287,344ha, covering the villages of Tamamaung, Pampang, Panaikang and North Karuwisi. Then
for the vulnerable category covering an area of 379.52ha, covering the villages of North Karuwisi,
Pampang, Tamamaung, and Sinri Jala. So the total area affected by flooding (prone, very vulnerable,
and alert) in the Panakukkang sub-district is 9.41 km² with the total area of the Panakkukang sub-district
amounting to 17.05 km².
3.2. Evacuation Area and Shelter Point (evacuation site)
According to [12], the area or building used as an evacuation area with safe area conditions, is
said to be a safe flood area if the height of the surface of the puddle is in the middle of the height of
the evacuation area. Evacuation areas and evacuation sites must have direct access to primary roads
(district roads) or secondary roads (local roads) with a distance or range of approximately 30 meters and
buildings must have a large enough area that can accommodate many people, or have an area of more
or less 225 square meters.
In Table 3 shows the area, the distance from the main road to the evacuation area with a
capacity based on the condition of the area and the evacuation area. There are 2 regional conditions that
can be used as evacuation areas, namely: safe areas and vulnerable areas. For safe flood evacuations,
namely: South Sulawesi Governor's Office, Baiturahman Mosque, Panaikang Police Dormitory, Kodam
XIV Hasanuddin, Batua Sulsel SPN, Litha and Co Terminal, BLK Makassar Building, SMAN 5
Makassar Building, MaxOne Hotel Makassar Building, Camba Field, Camba Field, Makassar Fajar
University Building, Makassar Sultan Alauddin Mosque, Electric Futsal Field, BBIH Estate Building,
STMIK Handayani Makassar Building, SwissBel Hotel, Myko Hotel, Panakukkang Mall, and PT. Sinar
Galesong Mandiri. As for the conditions of flood-prone areas, namely: Building of the Muslim
University of Indonesia and Makassar Nipah Mall.
3.3. Flood Evacuation
Transportation Routes
After doing the data it is known that the Panakukkang District is one of the areas with high
flood-prone levels, it can be seen in the table that the total area of the flood area is 9.41km² to the area
of Panakukkang District which is 17.05km². With the data obtained from safe areas and flood-prone
areas, the data becomes a reference to determine which routes will be evacuation routes to get to floodsafe areas. In determining the evacuation route, the transportation route is divided into 2 flood
evacuation routes.
3.4. First Flood Evacuation Route
In the first evacuation route, there were determined 8 (eight) roads that would serve as the
evacuation destination route. All roads that have been evacuation routes have been surveyed to
determine their suitability with the required evacuation criteria. After that, a road network analysis is
carried out to obtain an evacuation route as shown in Figure 2.
In Figure 2, there are 8 (eight) reference points which are flood-prone areas, where the reference
point is the farthest point from the evacuation site of each evacuation route which will be a benchmark
of how long the mileage will be required from each reference point to go to the evacuation site. In the
Decree of the Director General of Land Transportation No. : SK.43 / AJ 007 / DRJD / 97, walking speed
in normal situations is 1.5 km/hour, in this case a speed sample is taken in an emergency situation
(evacuation) of 3 km / hour.
Based on Table 4, it is known that there are 8 Reference Points on the first evacuation route.
Reference Point C becomes the farthest point that must be reached with the distance to the nearest
evacuation site as far as 3.22km and the travel time of 64.3 minutes. Then reference point A with the
distance to the nearest evacuation site is 2.85 km and travel time for 57 minutes. While the
reference point F is the closest point that must be traveled with the distance to the nearest evacuation
site as far as 0.71 km and travel time for 14.2 minutes. All of these reference points on the first
evacuation route equire a travel speed of 3 km / h on foot.
3.5. Second Flood Evacuation Route
In the first evacuation route, it was determined that there were 6 (six) roads that would serve
as the evacuation destination route. All roads that have been evacuation routes have been surveyed to
determine their suitability with the required evacuation criteria. After that, a road network analysis is
carried out to obtain an evacuation route as shown in Figure 3.
In Figure 3, there are 6 reference points which are flood-prone areas, where the reference point
is the farthest point from the evacuation site of each evacuation route which will be a benchmark of how
much distance will be needed from each reference point to get to the evacuation site. In the Decree of
the Director General of Land Transportation No. : SK.43 / AJ 007 / DRJD / 97, walking speed in normal
situations is 1.5 km / hour, in this case a speed sample is taken in an emergency situation (evacuation)
of 3 km / hour.
Based on Table 5, there are 6 Reference Points found on the second evacuation route.
Reference Point A becomes the farthest point that must be reached with the distance to the nearest
evacuation site as far as 1.94 km and travel time of 38.8 minutes. Then the reference point E with the
distance to the nearest evacuation site is 1.23 km and the travel time is 24.6 minutes. While the reference
point C is the closest point that must be traveled with the distance to the nearest evacuation site as far as
0.72km and travel time for 14.4 minutes.
4. Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis and discussion of the data, the following conclusions are obtained:
The total area affected by flooding (Prone, very vulnerable, and alert) in Panakukkang District is 9.41
km² of the total area of 17.05 km². The category of flooding based on district, that is, for the very safe
category of 257,802 ha includes Panaikang and Tello Baru, Pandang and Paropo, Pampang, Panaikang,
Tello Baru, Paropo, Masale district. For the Safe Category covering an area of 321,488ha, covering
Panaikang, Karampuang, Paropo, Tello Baru, Pandang and Masale villages. For the Prone category
covering an area of 274,821ha covering the villages of Karuwisi, Tamamaung, Karampuang, Masale,
Paropo, Tello Baru and North Karuwisi. For the Very Prone category covering an area of 287,344ha,
covering the villages of Tamamaung, Pampang, Panaikang and North Karuwisi. Then for the Waspada
category covering an area of 379.52ha, covering the villages of North Karuwisi, Pampang, Tamamaung,
and Sinri Jala. Places that can be used as evacuation areas (safe zones), namely: the Office of the Governor
of South Sulawesi (20,331 people), Baiturrahman Mosque (658 people), Panaikang Police
Dormitory(12,502 people), Kodam XIV Hasanuddin (17,361 people), SPN Batua Sulsel (8,262 people),
Litha & Co Terminal (4,402 people), BLK Makassar Building (2600 people), SMAN 5 Makassar
Building (2,080 people), MaxOne Makassar Hotel Building (4,914 people), Cambajawayya Lapland
(1,646 people), Makassar Fajar University Building (4,192 people), Sultan Alauddin Makassar Mosque
(392 people), Electric Futsal Field (320 people), Large Plantation Industry Hall (2,050 people), STMIK
Handayani Makassar Building (1,566 people), SwissBel Hotels (4,057 people), Hotels Myko (1,685
people), Panakukkang Mall (5,614 people), and PT. Sinar Galesong Mandiri (1,800 people), with a total
capacity of 123,131 people. For transportation routes divided into 2 routes: - The first route is centered
north of Panakukkang District, there are 8 reference points on the first evacuation route, Reference Point
C with the distance to the nearest evacuation site as far as 3.22km and travel time of 64.3 minutes.
Then reference point A with the distance to the nearest evacuation site is 2.85km and travel time for 57
minutes. While the reference point F is the closest point to the nearest evacuation distance of 0.71 km
and the travel time of 14.2 minutes. All of these reference points on the first evacuation route require a
travel speed of 3 km / h on foot. - The second route is centered south of Panakukkang District. There are
6 Reference Points on the second evacuation route, namely reference point A with distance to the nearest
evacuation site 1.94 km and travel time for 38.8 minutes, reference point E with distance to the nearest
evacuation location 1.23 km and travel time for 24.6 minutes and then at reference point C is the closest
point with distance to the nearest evacuation site as far as 0.72km and travel time for 14.4 minutes.
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Acknowledgements
On this occasion, we thank you and highest appreciation for the assistance and guidance to the Rector of
the Fajar University and staff, two loving parents who are always sending prayers and encouragement,
the whole family as well as civil engineering students Fajar University who helped in the data survey.
We look forward to feedback and constructive criticism for the sake of the development of this paper.
Hopefully this article can be useful, especially for our personal and the public at large.
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